Examples of permissible methods of authentication

Mahone v. Lehman, 347 F.3d 1170, 1173-1174 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding, in plaintiff inmate's civil rights action against defendant prison officials, that the psychiatrist's opinion was inadmissible hearsay because the....Hearsay is a statement that (i) is made other than at the trial or proceeding at which it is offered and (ii) is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted by the maker of the statement, the declarant.

Cf. United States v. Rivera-Hernandez, 497 F.3d 71, 81-82 (1st Cir. 2007) (upholding trial court's exclusion of defendant's statement to his father [about his justification for his need of fraudulent invoices] as a state-of-mind....To fall within the hearsay exception created by Federal Rule of Evidence 803(3) or a comparable State rule for person's present internal states, a statement by the declarant (the maker of the statement) must be contemporaneous with the mental state or event sought to be proven.

United States v. Landrau-Lopez, 444 F.3d 19, 23 (1st Cir. 2006) (upholding trial court's admission into evidence of witness's testimony about accused's involvement in prior drug smuggling activities, where it was highly probative of accused's knowledge, which was a critical factual issue in dispute).Evidence of a criminal or wrongful act apart from the act that at issue at trial Is not barred by the prohibition against circumstantial use of character if intent, knowledge, mistake, or accident is a legally-material factual issue, the opposing party suggests the non-existence of knowledge or urges mistake or accident as a defense, and evidence of another crime, wrong, or act is offered to prove the knowledge or the absence of mistake or accident by a criminal defendant or other person.