A subsequent remedial measure is a measure that was (i) taken after an injury or harm that was allegedly caused by some event, and that (ii) if taken before such an event (such as the breaking of a ladder) would have made the injury or harm less likely to occur.

United States v. Whittington, 783 F.2d 1210, 1214-1215 (5th Cir. 1986) (convictions for offenses involving the submission of a false claim for benefits under the federal Dairy Production Stabilization Act of 1983; defendant challenged the admission into evidence of the lease agreement; convictions...A person's handwriting may be authenticated by a lay witness -- i.e., a lay witness may identify the author of handwriting -- if the witness is personally familiar with the putative author's handwriting and the witness did not acquire such familiarity for purposes of the litigation.

Karme v. Commissioner, 673 F.2d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 1982) (holding, in taxpayers' claim for deduction, that the tax court properly admitted into evidence the bank records and testimony under the residual hearsay....A statement is admissible under the hearsay exception created by Federal Rule of Evidence 807 or a comparable State rule only if circumstantial evidence shows that the affected statement is as trustworthy as the statements that are made admissible by the hearsay exceptions created by Federal Rules of Evidence 803 and 804 or by comparable State rules.

Freidus v. First National Bank, 928 F.2d 793, 803 (8th Cir. 1991) ( holding, in plaintiff borrower's action against defendant bank for breach of contract, that evidence of two letters [exchanged between the parties during the....Although settlement negotiations and offers are inadmissible (i) to show the validity or invalidity of a claim when validity is in dispute, (ii) to show the amount of damages when the amount is in dispute, or (iii) to impeach by showing a prior inconsistent statement or specific contradiction, settlement evidence is admissible if it is offered on the issue of costs or wen it is offered to counter a claim of undue delay.