Does the rule limiting the admissibility of subsequent remedial measures apply to remedial measures by non-parties?

Cf. United States v. Khorozian, 333 F.3d 498, 506 (3d Cir. 2003) (holding that the header or text of the fax was admissible and did not constitute hearsay evidence because "nothing said by a machine ... is hearsay" and....A "statement" for purposes of the hearsay prohibition against the admission of hearsay statements is (1) an oral or written assertion or (2) nonverbal conduct of a person, if it is intended by the person as an assertion.

United States v. Udeozor, 515 F.3d 260, 267-268 (4th Cir. 2008) (upholding trial court's admission of two police recorded telephone conversations [between the victim and defendant's husband] as statements against penal....A statement qualifies as a statement against interest for purposes of the hearsay exception for statements against interest only if the statement, at the time the declarant made it, was so contrary to the declarant's interest that a reasonable person in the declarant's position would not have made if the declarant had believed the statement to be untrue.

United States v. Matthews, 20 F.3d 538, 545 (2d Cir. 1994) (upholding trial court'a admission at trial of witness Dunbar's testimony [about a co-defendant's out-of-court statements of defendant's participation in the....For purposes of the hearsay exceptions created by Federal Rule of Evidence 804 or a comparable State rule a declarant is "unavailable" within the meaning of Rule 804(a) or a comparable State rule if the declarant is exempted by ruling of the court on the ground of privilege from testifying concerning the subject matter of the declarant's statement.