The rule limiting the admissibility of subsequent remedial measures does not apply to remedial measures by non-parties.

United States v. Bruguier, 161 F.3d 1145, 1148-1150 (8th Cir. 1998) (upholding trial court's ruling that allowed the government to cross-examine accused's opinion character evidence witnesses concerning whether they knew about specific incident, in order to explore the witnesses' bases for holding their...If a criminal defendant offers evidence of his or her character circumstantially - to show he or she did not commit the crime charged -- the prosecution can offer rebutting evidence of defendant's character.

Cf. United States v. Serrano, 434 F.3d 1003, 1005 (7th Cir. 2006) (upholding trial court's admission of the insurance documents as non-hearsay evidence because "the documents [were] not introduced for the truth....A statement can be hearsay only if the statement is "offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted." The purpose for which a statement is offered depends on the purpose of the offeror of the statement. Hence, a statement is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted if the offeror (normally trial counsel) seeks to use the statement to show that the matter or proposition asserted by the declarant (the maker of the statement) is in fact true.

United States v. Johnson, 495 F.3d 951, 970 (8th Cir. 2007) (upholding trial court's admission of the hearsay statements of the victim as well as defendant's former boyfriend because "the court reasonably found a....A defendant can forfeit the right of confrontation guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to defendants in both federal and state trials. Such forfeiture can occur if a defendant takes an action that prevents a witness from appearing and testifying at the defendant's trial.