The authentication requirements applicable to audio and sound recordings, films, and moving visual images are the same as for any other kind of evidence to which Federal Rule of Evidence 901 applies.

United States v. Carson, 455 F.3d 336, 379-380 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (upholding trial court's refusal to admit the grand jury testimony of unavailable witnesses because "[defendants had] failed to show how the motive to develop....The hearsay exception for prior testimony applies in a criminal case only if the if the party against whom the testimony is now offered had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony in the prior proceeding by direct, cross, or redirect examination. The exception applies in a civil action or proceeding only if the party against whom the testimony is now offered or a predecessor in interest had an opportunity and similar motive in the prior proceeding to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination.

Fed. R. Evid. 402 ("Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.").Irrelevant evidence is inadmissible.

United States v. Valadez-Gallegos, 162 F.3d 1256, pin? (10th Cir. 1998) ("However, we may not uphold a conviction obtained by piling inference upon inference. United States v. Jones, 44 F.3d 860, 865 (10th Cir. 1995). 'An inference is reasonable only if the conclusion flows...Although proof of criminal guilt can rest on chains of inferences, such pyramided inferences must be reasonable.