Relevance, character and propensity, habit, similar events, remedial measure & repairs, insurance, medical expenses, settlements and offers to settle in civil cases, criminal pleas

Fed. R. Evid. 602 ("Evidence to prove personal knowledge may, but need not, consist of the witness' own testimony.").Evidence that a witness has the personal knowledge that is required of a witness may be provided by the witness whose testimony is offered but evidence of the witness's personal knowledge may also be provided by other witnesses or by other evidence.

Hayes v. Larsen's Mfg. Co., 871 F. Supp. 56, pin? (D. Me. 1994) (dictum: "In determining the apparent risk in a negligence action, the Court may consider the evidence, or lack thereof, of other similar injuries with respect to the product in question. Such a lack of "evidence...Other similar events or accidents are generally admissible in civil actions to show the occurrence of an event or accident that is in issue at the trial.

Cf. United States v. Pena-Gutierrez, 222 F.3d 1080, 1085-1086 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that the defendant's rights under the Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment were not....The prohibition, grounded in the Compulsory Process Clause, against deliberate government action that deprives a criminal defendant of the relevant and material exculpatory testimony of a witness may effectively limit the government's use of hearsay evidence against a criminal defendant.