Although the Compulsory Process Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution grants a criminal defendant a right to introduce exculpatory evidence that is probative of and relevant to a material issue, exclusion of a criminal defendant's exculpatory evidence is permissible if the ground for the exclusion of the exculpatory is not arbitrary or disproportionate to legitimate government interests.

City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chemicals, Inc., 158 F.3d 548, 557-558 (11th Cir. 1998) (holding, in plaintiff Alabama municipal entities' action against defendant chemical companies for fraud and violation of antitrust law, that the trial court....A statement is imputed to a principal or to an employer and is treated as the principal's or employer's vicarious admission (which, like other admissions is exempt from the hearsay rule) if the principal or employer is a party, the statement is offered against the principal or party, the statement is a statement by the party's agent or employee about a matter within the scope of the agent's agency or the employee's employment, and the statement is made during the principal-agent or employer-employee relationship.

United States v. Milk, 447 F.3d 593, 600 (8th Cir. 2006) (upholding trial court's exclusion of evidence of victim's violent act because such violent act occurred five years earlier).Evidence that would be prohibited character evidence if offered to show a person's conduct is not barred by the character evidence rule if it is offered to show some other matter such as another person's belief.

Cf. United States v. Zedner, 401 F.3d 36, 49-50 (2d Cir. 2005) (upholding trial court's admission into evidence of rebuttal witnneses' testimony about accused's previous commission of fraud, where accused claimed lack of criminal intent, and evidence of fraud was relevant to prove accused's...Evidence of another crime, wrong, or act is not barred by the prohibition against circumstantial use of character if such other crime, wrong, or act is offered to prove the existence of a plan or scheme.