A duplicate is a counterpart produced (a) from the same impression as the original; (b) from the same matrix; (c) by means of photography, including enlargements and miniatures; (d) by mechanical or electronic re-recording; (e) by chemical reproduction; or (f) by equivalent techniques that accurately reproduce the original.

Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 68-70 (1991) (use of battered child syndrome evidence against defendant in criminal did not violate due process; "We thus turn to the question whether the admission of the evidence violated McGuire's federal constitutional rights. California law allows the prosecution to...As a general matter, the use of syndrome evidence against defendants in criminal trials is not unconstitutional

Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, pin? (1988) (sale and possession of stolen property; accused denied knowing the property was stolen; Court assumed that other instances of possession of other stolen....Evidence of a criminal or wrongful act apart from the act that at issue at trial Is not barred by the prohibition against circumstantial use of character if intent, knowledge, mistake, or accident is a legally-material factual issue, the opposing party suggests the non-existence of knowledge or urges mistake or accident as a defense, and evidence of another crime, wrong, or act is offered to prove the knowledge or the absence of mistake or accident by a criminal defendant or other person.

Kanida v. Gulf Coast Medical Personnel, LP, 363 F.3d 568, 582 (5th Cir. 2004) (holding, in employee's action against employer for retaliation under Fair Labor Standards Act, that testimony of co-worker on employer's reaction to plaintiff's claim for overtime compensation was inadmissible character...The prohibition against circumstantial use of character -- the use of character or disposition to show conduct on a particular occasion -- applies in trials of civil actions.